Category: Information Architecture



  • Poor, defenseless little wireframes

    Liz pens a great piece on simplifying wireframes. Doing so definitely requires an understanding of your audience, knowing what your audience assumes and what has to be explicitly recorded. Physical architects had settled on conventions before leaving for CAD, and we will too.

    Riffing from there, Christina asks if we still need wireframes, and gets several interesting comments in response. I’ve felt the same way at times, getting frustrated with the disparity between wireframes and visual designs. But my opinion is yes, we do still need them. First because the entire span of Internet system design activities is difficult to do alone for a system of any significant size. Wireframes signal a useful point of division of labor among a team. While I’d love us to become auteurs – having a vision, drawing something beautiful, engineering the structure, designing the interior, creating the furniture – we can’t all be Frank Lloyd Wright, and even he had his draftsmen.

    Second, we as people need a simple way to model our ideas. We instinctively sketch on paper or on whiteboards to work out an idea, and wireframes serve this role well. While they sometimes strive to answer the question, ‘What is the design?’ they are only obligated to answer, ‘What is the structure?’

    Regarding what innies and outies are capable of, having made the move from consultant to in-house, I hope my experience of transferring structured design practices is not simply an isolated case but a trend of knowledge spreading through the industry.


  • Effective View Navigation

    If I were to edit a historical collection of essays on information architecture, it would have to include George FurnasEffective View Navigation (PDF). Published in 1997 and borrowing from earlier work that harks back to ’95, it is not to be read for new methods of navigation. It does however provide serious analysis of a fundamental information architecture challenge, ‘despite the vastness of an information structure, the views must be small, moving around must not take too many steps and the route to any target be must be discoverable.’ His focus is on what to do in that small view (i.e. a page, or a viewport of a page) including ideas that form the basis of information scent.

    For serious information architects, EVN is a must read. At eight ACM-style pages it’s not long but it is dense, requiring me to double-back often. His initial discussion of Efficient View Traversibility sets aside the user experience perspective in favor of graph theory and so can be a dense read to the practitioner, but it is necessary to his later arguments which are worth understanding.

    Here come the spoilers: after an interesting logical analysis of the problem he concedes that one navigation scheme – what we might call global navigation today – would be hard-pressed to provide access to a large information structure. Along the way he predicts the rise of a combination of global and local navigation.

    His ideas of efficient view traversibility provide (in my interpretation) a good mathematical explanation of creating short paths to target information and a helpful last resort after other methods fail, ‘always remember the strategy of putting a traversable infrastructure on an otherwise unruly information structure!‘ For example, as a last resort, stuff the information into a balanced tree. If we combine this with a user-centered design method, we might say, ‘If research of the users does not reveal a clear path to the information, and the users understand the domain enough to understand the meaning of a set of hierarchical categories, then stuff the information into a balanced tree.’ Other conclusions of his, combined with a design process, can yield a more systematic design method than what we have now (which is why I’m trudging through this stuff).

    His use of navigation requirements nicely frames his discussion, for example, ‘Every node must have good residue at every other node.‘ We rarely have such strict requirements in our designs, but the practice of using navigation requirements – falling somewhere between scenarios and screen designs – helps increase the likelihood of creating successful navigation.

    His setting aside of user experience considerations at times seems unworkable; the goal of efficiency can be at odds with what may be cognitively effective with users. But the thoughtful designer can factor that into the use of his ideas.


  • My Website Doesn’t Smell Good

    “Hey Kathryn. Hello? What’s wrong?”
    “My website doesn’t smell good.”
    Brad had stopped by for his morning cup to go (large, French roast, black). I thinks he likes me, but he never asks me out. “Oh, come now. I’m sure your website smells fine.”
    “That’s not what Mr. Nahzah says. He looked at the home page and couldn’t smell where to find the French Roast. I almost gave the poor guy a heart attack. Here,” I swivel the screen towards him, “is it really that bad? Can you find the French Roast?”
    “Let’s see, Home, Blends, Grinds, Beans…” A pause. A really long pause. I know he’s confused, and he knows I know this. He pinches his nose, “Damn girl, that website stinks!”
    I slap him, laughing.
    Brad grins, “Seriously, the labels don’t really help me find what I’m looking for. Maybe if they were longer, or you could put a picture there.”
    “How am I going to fit a picture in there?”
    “Well, why do you need to use this nav bar?”
    “What’s a nav bar?”
    “This thing on the side. Why do you need it? Isn’t it just boxing you in?”
    “Uh, yeah, I guess. But a lot of websites do that.”
    “Come now. Do you run your cafe like other cafes?”
    “Of course not. Most cafes are totally lame.”
    “Right. So stop being lame.” He shoots me his best mock-intense eyes, gently challenging me.
    “I hate you. This is a lot harder than I thought it would be.”
    He drew out his words in a mocking tone. “‘This sooooo hard.’ C’mon. It’s not like you’re curing cancer, you’re moving stuff around on the screen. Have fun with it.”
    I stared at him and let out a heavy sigh. I feigned vulnerability and tried to create a moment, give him an opportunity, but he didn’t pick up on it.


  • Faceted Metadata and Choosing the Right User Interface

    Tanya’s revealing of her technique for setting facets for her blog was the catalyst that reminded me of a comment Peterme made regarding facets: ‘The system can never know which particular strategy a given user wants to employ — so why not avail them of them all?‘ I don’t think he really means all facets we could imagine, I assume he means all facets that correspond to the most important metadata fields for a type of information.

    I’m thinking about this because I’m working on a system that stores the information using a number of facets, but which is presented with a hierarchical browsing user interface: it displays information pre-filtered by a couple facets, and as you select items it displays more items further filtered by the facet you selected. I didn’t design it, but I must complement those who did as it probably (usability testing will confirm this) maps to the mental model of the user. And yet the faceted scheme on the back end keeps the data set flexible and available to display using alternate schemes.

    And I mention this for two reasons: One, I’ve noticed a tendency to want to use every facet we have in the user interface instead of relying on our knowledge of users to serve them only the facets that are useful without extra clutter. Second, even experienced IAs want to literally represent the back end structure in the user interface. I see this especially with semantic networks of information stored as nodes and connections, where people want to rely on Thinkmap like interfaces. The information model just might be a better way to store and manage information that, in user interface form, corresponds to user’s built-in understanding of categories.

    (Out of courtesy I should mention this is not a criticism of either person or site mentioned above, they were just catalysts.)


  • IA Eats Itself

    If, years in the future, information architects are successful, machines will make it very easy to find things. All the rules will be established, most challenges will be conquered. All that will remain for us to address is serendipity, arranging things to encourage chance and new connections only the reader’s imagination can form.


  • Crazed, Shameless Internet Love

    Catherine says,

    I love the Internet. Love it. I love the little search box where I can type anything I like and it will immediately return something, anything. I love clicking buttons and making things happen. I love following links to see where they lead. I love crazed, shameless teenagers blogging for all to read what I wouldn’t dare to say out loud. I love stores with endless selections and receiving packages in the mail. I love geeky academics and their irrelevant, fascinating pursuit of minutia. I love academic geeks and their endless variation of the social software hack. I love designers high on their own esthetic powers of creation. I love the self-promotional emails from my elected officials. I love the Dad-assisted emails from Mom. I’ll even admit to clicking a banner ad or two and, shit, I’m occasionally humored by the relentless, inane spam.

    I’m tired of feeling ashamed of my love. I love the Internet, there it is. Fuck it.


  • Visualization of Navigation Patterns on a Web Site using Model Based Clustering

    Last night I had some NYC IAs over and we talked about what kind of persona- or scenario-like information could be culled from server logs (Tanya raised the idea in her Info Foraging paper) along with tangents into linguistics and semantic networks. Tanya brought along Visualization of Navigation Patterns on a Web Site using Model Based Clustering, a 2001 work from researchers at the DataLab at University California, Irvine and Microsoft. The clusters of paths alone reveal interesting patterns of site usage that could inform design.

    But also imagine following users in real time, watching which pattern they’re exhibiting, and dynamically altering navigation to help them follow that path. Compare this to the Accidental Thesaurus technique (hard-coding search results to popular queries) and the two together start to form another way of designing, of making changes based on actual behavior as opposed to building models based on research, making design guesses, then testing those guesses.


  • Information Foraging

    Just collecting a bunch of links on the topic…

    Surf like a caveman, a historical summary from New Scientist, 2000

    Cognitive Models for Web Design; Information Foraging Theory Applied…Tanya Rabourn’s short ‘n sweet summary

    Designing for Information Foragers: A Behavioral Model for Information Seeking on the World Wide Web, James Kalbach’s essay with related LIS references

    Citeseer’s listing

    Peter Pirolli’s publications at PARC User Interface Research

    Stuart Card’s publications at PARC UIR

    Information Scent at PARC UIR

    CHI 2003 Tutorial slides (PDF) from Pirolli and Card

    A User-Tracing Architecture for Modeling Interaction with the World Wide Web (PDF), a presentation by Pirolli and Card on SNIF-ACT (combining SNIF: Scent-Based Navigation and Information Foraging with ACT: Adaptive Control of Thought)

    SNIF-ACT Home at PARC UIR

    Exploring and Finding Information, an entire book chapter by Pirolli

    Semi-related:

    Surfmind’s list of foraging links


  • Mr. Nahzah

    Mr. Nahzah comes in once a week for a pound, French Roast, Melitta grind. Occassionally he and his wife drop in for an espresso after dinner. He’s an electrician nearing retirement, she runs the stationary store on 3rd. They immigrated from Berlin together in 1950. He is always well-dressed, a charming man. He approaches me while I’m staring at the screen, "What is that?"
    I look up, "Huh? Oh, I’m trying to improve my website."
    "Our son bought us a computer. All our vacation plans we online planned. We’re going to Spain. Can I order coffee from this site?"
    "Once it’s finished. In fact…" recognizing a victim when I see one, I swivel the monitor towards him, "would you like to try it?" You buy the French roast every week, right?"
    "Ya."
    "So how would you do that here?"
    "Let me see." He squints his eyes and looks at everything on the screen, reading and re-reading to himself. One very long minute goes by.
    "So, what’s your guess?"
    "Ah, ah, I don’t know."
    "You want the French Roast, right?"
    "Ya."
    "And that’s a type of coffee, right?"
    "Ya, of course."
    "So wouldn’t you click on ‘Beans’?"
    "But I don’t want beans. I want it ground."
    "Yes, yes, of course. But before they’re grounds they’re beans.”
    “But I don’t want beans.”
    “Yes, I know. But nothing else makes sense. So you’d click on ‘Beans,’ right?"
    "Ahhhh, ahhhhh," still starting at the screen, his face turns red and his head starts to shake, finally blurting out, "Das kann ich doch nicht riechen!"
    Ouch. We’re both silent for an uncomfortable moment. I realize I’ve reduced this poor old man to cursing at me in another language, "Ohmigod, I’m sorry. I totally stressed you out. I’m so sorry."
    "No, no, I am sorry. I lost my temper. ‘Beans,’ you are right. It is my fault, I should have known it was ‘Beans.’"
    I triy to recover by lightening the mood, "Ummmm, so, was that something in German you said before?"
    "Oh, ya, that is a German saying. It means, ‘I cannot smell that.’ We say that when we don’t know what something is just by looking at it."
    "Ah, got it. ‘Smell that,’ it’s a funny phrase though."
    "But I think it works well. We can tell by the smell of something if it is good, like food. I wanted to know which was the good link, but couldn’t ‘smell’ it, you see."
    "Kinda. So, I should make that link smell better."
    "Yes, it should smell like what I’m looking for."
    "So my little blue link here should give off a pungent, slightly burnt aroma, with chocolate overtones?"
    "Yes! Yes!" he smiled widely and nodded yes.


  • Metadata Glossary

    In an attempt to summarize the relationship among various metadata-related terms and how they relate to building Internet systems I created a metadata glossary. Addressed, for example, are metadata, taxonomies, indexing, CMS, Semantic Web, and XML. I then ordered and tied the terms together with a bit of narrative to explain the relationships among the terms, which helped keep it shorter than an essay but, hopefully, more clear than a glossary only.


  • Craft and Engineering

    Peterme et al on Craft and Engineering in user experience design. Engineering must refer to usability engineering, with accompanying research. While I’ve been a proponent of the craft approach, I don’t see why there couldn’t be systematic methods inserted where appropriate. I think it’s premature to debunk, or even debate, design engineering as we don’t have any examples of such a thing.


  • Competitive Criteria


    1. How much business might I have lost so far?
    2. How much do I stand to lose in the next year?
    3. How much could I gain by doing what Java Jim is doing?
    4. What could I lose by not doing it (my whole business??)
    5. How much can I invest in my website?
    6. What would happen if other competitors went online, especially someone big?
    7. What do I compete on?
    8. What do I give him?
    9. Where’s my niche?


  • Catalyst of Consumer Lust

    The phone rings, she shakes her head free of coffee lust and jogs to the phone, rubbing her slightly oily fingers on her apron. "Hello, Sweet as Love. This is Catherine"
    "Hi, Catherine, it’s Tim, from Angelina’s." Angelina’s had been a huge boost to her business a year ago when Tim, a manager there, suggested Sweet As Love deliver all the coffee for their 3 restaurants.
    "Hi Tim! How can I help you?"
    "Well, unfortunately I need to cancel our weekly order."
    The word cancel took the air out of her chest. "Really? Is everything OK?"
    "Yeah, yeah, I think we just reached a point where we needed, well, different service."
    "Oh, alright. But, do you mind if I ask what kind of service?"
    "Well, you know, sometimes we need special orders fulfilled quickly. Java Jim’s website let’s us place an order any time, and it’s delivered within a few hours. We realized it would be easier to get all our coffee there."
    Catherine remembered, wincing, all the times she played phone tag with him to get the orders delivered. "Oh, sure, OK. Well, thanks for all your business, I appreciate it."

    "Java Jim’s. That is such a dumbass name." She pulled up the website. "Damn, this thing is ugly." But she sees the shopping cart icon, and understands how millions in books, music, clothes, gardening tools, a whole lot of other things pass through that 10 by 10 catalyst of consumer lust. The business reality of it all sets it, deep. Immediately her competitive instinct kicks in.

    "Let’s just analyze this for a minute…" She grabs an envelope at hand and starts scribbling…


  • She Loves The Stuff

    Her favorite time is just before the store opens. The brewing aroma the strongest, the morning light magical through the windows, the peaceful quiet outside. Today she [informally] inspects the shop, walking down a row of coffee barrels full of beans on both sides of her. Each is lovingly labeled. She stops at one,

    Columbian Supreme
    $4 per pound
    medium body and balanced flavor
    I love this with a hearty breakfast of eggs and toast or as the final course of a home-cooked dinner of beans and rice

    She glances around to make sure no one is looking, and sinks her hands deep into the beans. She closes her eyes and wiggles her fingers, feeling the beans dance around her fingertips. She smiles gently and savors the feeling.